Facebook vs Twitter Essay

But one question is who will be on top? Synopsis of the Situation Who is better than who? Or one could say who is going to be the king of the hill? Facebook has tried to purchase Twitter with no success. It is hard to say who will come out on top or who will be the ultimate winner of the social war. Until on or the other purchases their competitor or they just decide to merge and rule the social network, we will have to wait and see who will win. Key Issues Facebook and Twitter are both free sites and are both popular. Facebook and Twitter are both time conversations, but Twitter is a little faster. They both seem to have their good and bad qualities. Twitter has a character restriction and has no popups. Twitter users can also post to their Facebook page. Facebook does not have a character limit. They both can post pictures and videos. Facebook has a better privacy blocking system (if you can find it and get them set right). A lot of users (me included) are not aware of this option. Facebook allows businesses to advertise and reach more people faster. Facebook makes there revenue off the ads on their site, witch keeps it free for their users. Facebook has games for their user to play also. These games also generate some of their revenue. Twitter has no games and the only source of revenue is its investors. Define the Problem The main problem for Facebook and Twitter at time is each other. The other thing is that there are other social sites that are starting to catch on. They are both trying so hard to out due each other they may just get stepped on by someone else. They both need to set some goals and do what will help them in the long run. Alternative Solutions Alternative 1- There is room for both of them on the World Wide Web. Competition is good. They need to keep going like they are; yes sooner or later one will be better than the other. It is like the burger wars (McDonalds and Burger King) one might be on top but the other is right behind. Alternative 2 – They could always merge and rule the social networking site as one. Alternative 3 – They could merge and Facebook can be the everyday personal social network site and Twitter can be more of the business network site. Selected Solution to the Problem Alternative 1 – Let the users decide which site works best for them. Compatiotion is good for both of them and the users. It makes them improve their products and in turn this makes a better product for the consumers/users. Despite the politically right way, there is going to be a winner and a loser. Implementation The best way to implement the solution is to advertise and to start improving their sites right away. The faster they improve them, the faster they get ahead. Recommendations Twitter should find a way to make revenue. They might need to start selling advertising space or charging a nominal fee for users. Facebook needs to become more users friendly and maybe make it easier to use.

Game theory in online game market Essay

In Chinese online game market, there are two normal price strategies, Charging and Free. The Charging means that the customers need to pay for the game. They need to buy the game client or pay for the playing time (for example: RMB30 for 4000minits or RMB90 for 1month). The Free means that the customers can play the basic game for free. And they can buy some items in the shop on the official website or directly in the game store. The two players I picked for this analysis are World of Warcraft from Blizzard Entertainment, Inc.and a new launched online game from Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co. , Ltd. Blizzard Entertainment is one of the best game producers all over the world. And the World of Warcraft is one of the three most famous game launched by Blizzard Entertainment. In number of simultaneous online players of World of Warcraft reached its peak on 2009 at about 13million players. This number decreased to about 10million in 2012. And now, based on the financial report from Blizzard Entertainment, this number is about 8million. Perfect World is one of the most famous game producers in China. They launched more than 15 online games not only in Chinese market, but also in oversea market such as Europe, North America, Russia and Australia. My topic is about that Perfect World wants to launch a new online game in Chinese market. And then Blizzard Entertainment will decide the price strategy for World of Warcraft. Both the two company has two price strategies, Charging and Free. The World of Warcraft now using the Charging price strategy. Because that when Blizzard Entertainment launched World of Warcraft, it was the best online game in the online game market. Now some of their customers go to play free games. But the World of Warcraft still being seen as has higher quality than any â€Å"Made in China† online games. Perfect World Blizzard EntertainmentPW: Free BE: FreePW: Charging BE: Free PW: Free BE: ChargingPW: Charging BE: Charging In the left top block, both the two company choose Free. In this case, more customers will choose Blizzard Entertainment’s game. At the same price, they will naturally choose the better one. But the Blizzard Entertainment’s profits will decline as they translate from Charging to Free. In the left bottom block, Blizzard Entertainment keep Charging and Perfect World choose Free. This situation is what happened in recent years. Some of their customers go to play free games. The Blizzard Entertainment will lose their customers and profits. In the right top block, Blizzard Entertainment changes its price strategy to Free but Perfect World chooses Charging. In this case, most of customers will choose Blizzard Entertainment’s World of Warcraft. Because they can play higher quality game for free. In the right bottom block, both the two company choose Charging. In this situation, both of them will lose their profits. The customers will go to find other free games in the market. So l will evaluate the case as follow: Perfect World Blizzard EntertainmentPW: Free(4) BE: Free(5)PW: Charging(3) BE: Free(10) PW: Free(5) BE: Charging(6)PW: Charging(3) BE: Charging(3) So we can see that no matter Blizzard Entertainment choose Charging or Free, Perfect World will choose Free to get more profits. That means, in this Sequential Game, Perfect World has its domain option to choose Free. After Perfect World make its decision, Blizzard Entertainment will keep Charging to get more profits.

Reasoning About Morality and Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reasoning About Morality and Values - Essay Example Conflict that the law offers to safety establishes ground for moral dilemma in the war against terror to generate the moral debate on rights actions into people’s security. The law provides for liberty, a right that is further applicable under international law, and is the source of the moral debate on torture of suspected terrorists. The moral dilemma is whether to torture a suspect for information that can be used to protection potential victims or respect the law that protects people from torture. Richard Posner, a justice of the United States Court of Appeal, offers an argument on the moral debate and notes that torturing a criminal, who is probably guilty, is justified for protection of an innocent victim (Gordon, 2014). The argument can be presented as follows. One of the strengths of the argument is it protection for innocent victims because torturing a suspected criminal is likely to reveal information for such as protection and may set a precedence that may discourage other people from involvement in terror activities to guarantee a long term solution to the problem and benefit the entire society. The argument also provides for evaluation of potential guilt before torture and therefore undermines potential injustice to the suspect but is too subjective and deductive and may not be applicable to real life. Presumption of a suspect’s guild may be a consequence of implicative coincidences and be unjust for the innocent suspect. In addition, torture may not lead to required information, as intelligence based investigations could, leading to occurrence of the subject crime and harm to both targeted victims and the tortured suspect. The argument that aims at preventing crimes such as terror attacks may however succeed in sending a thri lling warning and retrieving information towards its objective. The argument for torturing suspects towards terror prevention may

The J.C. Penney Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The J.C. Penney Case - Assignment Example Having said the above, it would also be stressed that the fact that the components of the new business model worked together did not necessarily mean that they could achieve the goal for which they were set. It cannot also be said that the components could lead to the expected results of the company. The lapses came because there were some key components that were missing from what was institutionalized. More specifically, the new business model had eliminated the role of customers as there was no market research leading up to the implementation of the model. Meanwhile, customers have been identified as very important stakeholders in the success of any business model (Ofek & Avery, 2012).One major deficiency that can be seen from the administration of Johnson is that its business model was totally disjointed from its pricing strategy. As a matter of fact, the aggressive sales expert team that was institutionalized as a result of the new business model could have functioned best if th ere were specific promotions they were championing. The business model was however brought in place after the old pricing strategy which was the high-low pricing strategy had been scrapped. This created a total disconnect between the business model and the pricing strategy because there was virtually no promotion in place for the sales experts to pursue. Meanwhile, the customer base of the company had repeated given signal to the fact that it preferred to have promotional sales in place.

Health Club Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Health Club Business - Coursework Example ....................................13 16.0 Risk management .......................................................................14 Bibliography Executive summary N&M is a ladies-only health centre located in Luton. It offers physical fitness programs that are specially designed to meet the unique needs of women. The facility targets a selected portion of the ladies market, mainly the middle and upper class women. This business plan outlines the mission, aims and goals of the business. It also makes an extensive analysis of its market, customer base, competitors and the marketing strategy that the business will use in order to venture into the market. There is a clear outline of the kind of people the business requires for it to be successfully operational and their expected compensations for the various groups of people it will employ. In addition, the plan indicates a detailed profit forecast and detailed monthly cash flow forecast for the first year of operation. This is followe d by an explanation of the chances of success of the project and an acknowledgment of the probability of its failure. Finally, it outlines possible risks and potential ways of managing them. 1.0 Introduction There is an increased need to create a personalised environment for women so as to encourage them to pursue their fitness goals. The number of women who have an active life but do not seem to spend sufficient time in gyms or other physical fitness activities is higher. It is also evidently, there a high number of women looking for fitness centres where their unique needs can be met. It is for these reasons that N&M was established as a female only physical fitness gym. 2.0 Business details N&M is a health club, a female-only physical fitness gym that offers... This research will begin with the statement that there is an increased need to create a personalised environment for women so as to encourage them to pursue their fitness goals. The number of women who have an active life but do not seem to spend sufficient time in gyms or other physical fitness activities is higher. It is also evidently, there a high number of women looking for fitness centres where their unique needs can be met. It is for these reasons that N&M was established as a female only physical fitness gym. N&M is a health club, a female-only physical fitness gym that offers exercise equipment, massage, swimming lessons, weight reduction and weight training program, fitness classes, and childcare centre. The centre seeks to create the most conducive and personalised environment where females of ages 18-50 can pursue their fitness and weight reduction goals. The business specifically focuses on urban professional women, young mothers and urban entrepreneurial women who are l ooking for a fitness centre that can focus on their unique needs. The childcare centre provides a range of play activities that keep the children of the clients happy. From the selection of machines, professional training staff to the organisation of the childcare centre, Smart Ladies has created a supportive fitness and weight reduction experience that will attract new members by a word of mouth. N&M operates as a sole proprietorship. The business will be domiciled in a strategic location in an uptown street in Luton.

Keynesian economists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Keynesian economists - Essay Example The paper also considers the negative impact of government interference in business as per the suggestions of Keynesian economists. Keynesian economics is based on aggregate demand and government intervention. The theory was created by John Maynard Keyes to explain the Great Depression in the 1930s (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2010). At the time, the classical economics theories assumed that the free market would automatically self-regulate by providing employment and sustain the economy. Goods and services’ total demand in the economy at a specified time is aggregate demand. Prior to Keynesian economics, the assumption was that a decrease in aggregate demand in the economy would result in fewer goods and job opportunities. This would translate to reduced wages and inflation, which would enable employers to invest and create more jobs. However, the great depression disapproved the theory. Many factors influence aggregate demand. During a recession, the decisions made by the private sector may reduce consumer spending (Higgins, 2013). Similarly, prices and wages gradually respond to the fluctuations of demand an d supply causing shortages or surpluses in employment opportunities. Keynesian economists hold that government intervention plays a key role in solving the problem of insufficient aggregate demand. Aggregate demand represents the spending of the government, public and private sector. Insufficiency in aggregate demand comes about when the spending of all these sectors reduces. The government is in a position to solve the problem of insufficient aggregate demand through active policies like fiscal stimulus package and job creation, which increases spending and restores aggregate demand. Many theories against government interference with business find unbalanced government budgets disturbing for the economy (Higgins, 2013). Nonetheless, Keynesian economists find that government intervention

Enviromental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enviromental science - Research Paper Example The property management company should institute a no smoking policy if they do not have one in place as tobacco smoke is a source of elevated CO. That may lead the property management company to find that the building is in good working order and the real culprit is the tenant use of tobacco. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 Removing the mold would be the next priority. The health risks from mold, whether visible or not would be watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, itching, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, headache, and fatigue. This is problematic because of the high humidity. The property manager could not force the tenants to run the air conditioning all the time. Air conditioning is an easy way (albeit expensive) method to clean the air coming into a person’s home and lower the humidity. If the mold is causing damage to the unit however, the property management co. could hold the tenant responsible for mold damage and hold the damage deposit or charge damages or an ass essment such as with a townhouse or an apartment. Moeller (2005) 121 N/A 1 Elevated radon levels would be the final priority. Radon gas is undetectable and can go undetected for some time, which makes it no less dangerous. Radon has been shown to cause some lung cancers. Many cities now have building codes that enforce radon detection systems and the property management company would be responsible for this system. The source of elevated Radon is uranium and that would concern the residents if made aware of the information. The information could go public and that would not be good for the property management company. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 The reason for placing these hazards in this order of removal or focus is that carbon dioxide affects the residents’ mental faculties and could cause immediate health concerns and/or death of a tenant. This is the most urgent issue. If a tenant because dizzy or weak at an inopportune time they could fall down a flight of stairs, as a n example, or fall asleep with a cigarette, etc.. The mold would be the next priority due to Moeller (2005) statements on Mold and Radon. He states that â€Å"In contrast to radon, the presence of mold can rapidly lead to unpleasant reactions, particularly among those people who have allergies and/or asthma. Since mold requires moisture to grow, it can be controlled by repairing leaks in the plumbing system, installing drainage systems to transport water away from areas near a building, replacing any portions that are water damaged, and/or using air conditioners or dehumidifiers to reduce indoor humidity† (p. 122). These mechanical repairs would be visible and would generate health benefits immediately. They would stop the excess humidity. Moeller (2005) 122 N/A 7 - 26 Housing Scenario Number: __2__ (Answer Sheet) Your Response Course Assigned Reading Source Page(s) Column (if applicable) Line(s) Potential environmental hazards are numerous and include: the homeless living on the streets, in shelters, in cars, buses, or trains. Other environmental hazards are homeless camps, and lack of toilet facilities. Donohoe (2004) 1 N/A 32 Health risks have been shown to be much higher for the homeless. TB, HIV, mental illness, and physical illnesses. Kerker et al. (2011) Shelton et al. (2009) 546 465 1 2 3 –

The Challenges of Successfully Implementing a Knowledge Management Essay

The Challenges of Successfully Implementing a Knowledge Management Initiative - Essay Example Regarding the topic implementing knowledge management in an organisation, consumer behaviour, DSL is underway due to the increase in internet users globally. For instance, in 2005, the number of internet users escalated from 941 million users to 1.7 billion users in 2008. , As a result, the website has continued to provide consumers with a new purchasing medium, which is far more different from the knowledge management-purchasing medium. This digitalization is changing consumer purchasing and consumption behaviour (Solomon, 2012). Implementing a knowledge-based system elevates the communication between the organization and the consumer. Based on the fact that internet has changed buying behaviour, companies have not been left behind, as they have started using the internet with the aim of reducing marketing costs, hence reducing their product prices. Companies are also communicating and disseminating information concerning their products online. Moreover, the website has provided a n ew communication medium for DSL (Belch, 2008). Key concepts in knowledge management Smartphone Development Labs (SDL) needs to install knowledge management initiative. Implementing knowledge management in SDL comes with understanding the key concepts in knowledge management. Risk, strength and gap are the key concepts in knowledge management. The elements of knowledge management aid in securing collaboration between the organisation and its employees (Canton, 2007). The challenges involved in implementing management with SDL Knowledge management remains crucial in any organization. It remains an economic challenge for the future of SDL. Knowledge management is a long-term goal, which comes with extreme challenges. The challenges include; power & conflict, cross-culture, leadership &organisational culture and security of information (Hislop, 2009). Challenge 1: Power & conflict Knowledge management comes with managing power and conflict. Data management systems created to ease work f or employees require individual effort to the merger with teamwork. The nature of the knowledge management facilitates access to expert information. Knowledge management facilitates the communication of people in an organisation in terms of the approaches used to solve a given situation (Cleland & Ireland, 2006). As compared to knowledge management buying behaviour, knowledge management initiative plays a role in the behaviour of DSL are influenced by the opportunity of viewing and purchasing products or services, visualizing their needs with available products or services, and discussing products with other consumers globally (Hislop, 2009). In addition, knowledge management assisted the consumer by availability, while DSL’ behaviour aids consumers through convenient purchasing. These are just but a few of the strategies that Smartphone Development Labs (SDL) has adopted to ensure the comfort their employees.

Elizabeth Johnson-Revisonist Method of Theology Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth Johnson-Revisonist Method of Theology Essay Elizabeth Johnson is perhaps one of the most preeminent Catholic theologians of the new millennium. The fact that she is a woman religious who writes from a feminist perspective adds to her unique and distinguished career. This paper will examine the revisionist method espoused by Elizabeth Johnson, in an effort to understand her approach to Christian feminism. An overview of revisionist methodology will be presented so as to understand the framework in which Johnson works. References to some of Johnson! s writings will then be presented in an effort to illustrate her revisionist method. Finally a survey of various critics will then be presented in an effort to determine what has made her method, approach and style groundbreaking in the area of feminist theology. In its simplest form, revisionist methodology involves looking back at one! s tradition in an effort to gain new insights into the situation at hand or to uncover what has been lost. In a more elaborate definition, David Tracey states that, †In its briefest expression, the revisionist model holds that a contemporary fundamental Christian theology can best be described as philosophical reflection upon meanings present in common human experience and language, and upon the meanings present in the Christian fact. †1 Tracy then outlines five theses that are intended to explicate this particular model: The first thesis defends the proposition that there are two sources for theology, common human experience and language, and Christian texts. The second thesis argues for the necessity of correlating the results of the investigations of these two sources. The third and fourth theses attempt to specify the most helpful methods of investigation employed for studying these two sources 1 David Tracy, Blessed Rage for Order: The New Pluralism in Theology (New York: The Seabury Press, 1975) 43. 1 (methods include phenomenology of religious dimension for human experience and language and historical and hermeneutical investigations for Christian texts). The fifth and final thesis further specifies the final mode of critical correlation of these investigations as an explicitly metaphysically and transcendental one. 2 If we apply the aforementioned description to our area of interest, then revisionist Christian feminism can be seen as seeking,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to mutually and critically correlate the central and liberating themes of biblical and Christian tradition with the experience of women in the contemporary situation. 3 In one of her most noted works, She Who Is, Johnson captures the essence of her revisionist Christian feminism in the metaphor of a braided footbridge,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦between the ledges of classical and feminist Christian tradition. Throwing a hermeneutical span from side to side may enable some to cross over to the paradigm of women! s coequal humanity without leaving behind all the riches of the tradition that had been their intellectual and spiritual home. †4 It clear already from this brief introduction, that Johnson employs the revisionist model of theology. Tradition is key to anyone employing the revisionist model and Johnson is no exception to this. Tradition is important for Johnson, but not necessarily in the sense that one should mindlessly adhere to every aspect of what we inherit. On the other hand, we cannot put our heads the sand and deny the existence of tradition or avoid learning about it. We are all part of a tradition and it becomes part of our shared history and allows us ,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to see far thanks to the stature of those who have handed on the 2 3 Tracy, Blessed Rage for Order: The New Pluralism in Theology , 43. Shannon Schrein, Quilting and Braiding: The Feminist Christologies of Sallie McFague and Elizabeth Johnson in Conversation (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1998) 2. 4 Elizabeth Johnson, She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse (New York: Crossroad Publishing, 1992) 12. 2 tradition to us. †5 Johnson is respectful of tradition, with the understanding that it often needs to be analyzed to determine if is contributing to pain and suffering. In her book, Consider Jesus, the emphasis is not just on tradition, but on a â€Å"living tradition†.

For the following speech topics Essay Example for Free

For the following speech topics Essay When I was in high school I had a set of very popular friends. I called them my friends because they were the ones I go with from the time I arrive in school, until recess, until the time we go back home. They are picked up by cars, and I would hitch with them. All the while, their popularity gave me the notion that I am popular too. In return, I made their assignments and finished our group projects all by myself. It took a year before I realized that friendship is not about being with a popular circle. Friendship is so much more. B. (For old people) Like wines, we have been aged into perfection. Today, as we gather, we remember the friendships that we have had and in the same way we can name some which have been perfected by time. These friendships are those which stood challenges; those which remained loyal and truthful despite all else being a failure. In remembering these friendships, we also remember those beautiful friends behind them. Topic: Investment A. (For students) I have always been a businessman. I had my very first investment when I was seven. I badly wanted a yo-yo but my parents would not buy me one. So, I asked my teenage neighbor if he would like to trade one of his yo-yo with my roller skates. It was clumsy, and it sure lost me a lot, and that was my very first experience of investing. B. (For businessmen) Benjamin Franklin said that â€Å"an investment in knowledge pays the best interest†. I agree. However, I would also say that making good investments and making the right choices pays even more—and the interest are in dollars too! Ladies and gentlemen, investing is tricky and it needs some education, but also it needs action. Otherwise, those investments are dreams waiting to be realized. Topic: Recycling A. (Students) In 2001, more than 400,000,000 tons of wastes have been generated by municipalities throughout the country. This is a whopping 26,000,000-ton increase. Out of this, only 32% has been recycled. What happened to the other 68%? How are we managing the non-recyclable wastes? Is the management effective and efficient? These are what we are discussing today. B. (Kids) Did you know that you can make your own toy out of a milk carton? You can also create artworks and masterpieces using egg shells and empty bottles. We might think that these things are already trash, but actually we can still use them to make new things. This is what we call recycling. TOPIC: Credit Card Debt A. (For students) Let’s face it. Owning a credit card is like a shopper’s heaven. You buy something, swipe the card, and go home happy. You got something and your cash is intact—what could be better? But, when the bill comes, credit cards can also prove to be a shopper’s hell. B. (For women) Have you ever wondered why you are always worried? Check your wallets. Studies show that 64% of credit card holders are worried about their debts. Strikingly, women worry more than men. This is something to be worried about. Thus, we came up with some tips to help you with those credit card debts.

The Physical Development Children And Young People Essay

The Physical Development Children And Young People Essay An infant from birth cries when hungry. Gradually, he/she can recognise adults especially a mothers face and voice. He/she likes to watch their mums face or an adults face during feeding time. He/she smiles at familiar faces and voices. Physical Development: A baby just after birth sleeps most of the time and grows fast. A child by 6 months turns its head towards sound and movements. A child by this age starts to kick legs with movements gradually becoming smoother. Also, a baby starts to develop their hand eye co-ordination. He/she learns to roll from side on to back. A child enjoys finger play. Intellectual Development: A baby starts to recognise its parents by the age of 2 months. An infant reacts to familiar voice rather than unfamiliar voices. A baby observes the moving objects and stares at bright colours. Baby tries to explore by putting things into mouth. Communication and language development: By 3 months an infant makes a variety of happy sounds. A baby starts to respond to variety of music and other sounds. A baby tries to imitate the movement of the lips of an adult. Emotional Development: A baby at this age, usually very attached to its mother. If handled by unfamiliar methods and care, a baby may get upset. In this age, a child requires a familiar routine and also requires the security and the reassurance. AGE 6 12 MONTHS: Social Development: Baby of this age tries to communicate and respond to familiar people. By 9 months, a child is very wary of strangers. Child at this age starts to see self as separate from others. Physical Development: A baby starts to sit without support. By this age a baby may begin to crawl, stand and cruise while holding on to furniture. Baby learns o hold objects and transfer objects from one hand to other. It develops pincer grasps using thumb and index finger from about 6 months. At this age a baby drops things deliberately and looks for it. A baby enjoys water play. Intellectual Development: A baby recognises certain sound and objects. At this age, a baby shows interest to toys and picture books. He/she can enjoy various games especially water play. He/she observes people closely and tries to imitate their actions. He/she processes information through images. Communication and language development: A baby enjoys looking at picture. He/she also enjoys music. A baby responds with a smile and starts babbling and sometimes speaks to their mums. Emotional Development: By this age, a baby can differentiate between individuals and shows clear preferences and familiar adults. He/she can show clear likes and dislikes. AGE 1 2 YEARS: Social Development: A baby can respond to simple instructions. He/she wants to help adults and enjoy imitating their activities. It helps develop a sense of own identity. He/she plays alongside other children of own age for some time. He/she shows egocentric behaviour. Physical Development: A child becomes very mobile at this age. Between 12 to 15 months most children will start to walk and some can even go upstairs (with supervision). He/she can feed themselves. He/she has matured pincer grasps and can scribble with crayons. He/she can make a small tower by putting bricks/ blocks. He/she can wave good-bye, point or make noises to indicate their wants. Intellectual Development: A baby can recognise objects from pictures and books. He/she matches basic colours and start to match shapes. He/she can follow one step instructions. He/she show their preferences and start to make choices. He/she shows lots of curiosity and can concentrate for longer. He/she can do very simple puzzles. Communication and language development: By the age of 2, a child could be using 150-200 words. He/she can participate in songs and rhymes; enjoy listening to stories. He/she repeats words said by adults. He/she begins to ask questions like what and why. Emotional Development: A child is emotionally dependent on familiar adults. He/she likes to explore environment and is less frightened now when placed in new situations. The child reacts very strongly when he/she is not allowed to do a particular activity. Sometimes, He/she has mood swings and can be very clinging while some other time could be very independent. AGE 2 3 YEARS: Social Development: Childrens first friends are their parents and carer. He/she learns from them how to play and communicate with others. Babies and toddlers notice others and become fascinated by them. At around 2 years he/she is likely to play alongside with each other. By the age of 2years, most children have a feeling of identity and interestingly this coincides with their becoming more assertive. By the age of 3years, a child learns to play more of co-operative play. Physical Development: A child uses a potty and stays dry more reliably. He/she can come down stairs in upright position one stair at a time. He/she can climb well on play apparatus. He/she learns to paddle a tricycle. He/she can undress self but need some help to dress self. He/she has more control on holding crayons and paint brush. He/she can kick a ball and learns to jump. A child of this age can travel around, under, over, and through balancing and climbing equipment. Intellectual Development: A child can identify facial features and main body parts. He/she can follow two step instructions and can understand what is big and small. He/she starts to understand basic concepts of time and can match the colours and shapes. He/she becomes aware of what is right and wrong. He/she gathers information through language rather than image. He/she enjoys imaginative play and can concentrate long on creative activities. Communication and language development: He/she tries to communicate more with adult form of speech. A childs vocabulary increases to about 300 words and can deliver simple messages. Emotional Development: A child begins to understand the feelings of others. He/she is very curious about their environment but have no sense of danger. He/she could not understand about peoples pain at this age. AGE 3 5 YEARS: Social Development: A child starts socialising with people, learns to play with other children. He/she can show some friendship preferences but these are mainly based on play interests. He/she can use language more and more effectively with others. He/she can be confident in doing their own things as they develop their self help skills. He/she observes closely adults and tries to imitate them. He/she learns to share group possessions at play group or nursery but basically he/she is still egocentric. Physical Development: In this period a childs movements become more co-ordinated and smoother. A child by now starts to make various complex movements as the bones in the body starts to harden or have now formed. A child at this age remains clean and dry most of the time but could have some accidents. Child improves gross motor skills. He/she is more confident while jumping, riding a tricycle. Child at this age can throw a bowl but still unsure and inaccurate while catching the ball. By the age of 5years, a child is able to use variety of large equipments. A child improves his/her fine motor skills. A childs drawings are more detailed and representative. Intellectual Development: By the age of 3 years, a child imitates adults speech which can be understood by the strangers. A child becomes very inquisitive and asks lots of question. He/she knows parts of body. A child learns many things through play, tries to experiment with colours, shapes and texture. He/she can follow two or three step instructions. He/she has a better attention span at this age and hence, enjoys more complex activities. He/she learns to share and accepts ideas in group activities. He/she expresses strong opinions of likes and dislikes. Communication and language development: A childs vocabulary improves a lot. By this age, speech is fluent and the child is grammatically correct in using descriptive language. He/she can confidently form short sentences and uses language to communicate his/her own ideas. He/she enjoys constantly with people whom they know well. Emotional Development: A child is aware of the feelings and needs of others. He/she learns to comfort others who are upset, hurt or unwell. He/she can show occasional outburst when tired, stressed or frustrated. He/she can use language to express feelings and wishes and sometimes argues with other children. AGE 5 7 YEARS: Social Development: A child of this age likes to play mainly with child of same sex. A child is now aware of his/her own qualities. He/she tends to be fairly positive about him/her own skills. Physical Development: By this age, brain has developed further and is able to process information quickly. A child of this age is faster at dressing. As a result of improved co-ordination a child is more confident. By the age of 6 7 years, a child is able to sew simple stitches and ties or unties laces. All these prove that he/she has improved pincer grasp. Intellectual Development: A child of this age can differentiate between various shapes and sizes. He/she can match symbols, letters and numbers. By the age of 6 years, ability to write develops. He/she can read simple books, able to count up to 100. By this age, he/she understands the concept of conversation. Communication and language development: By this age, a child can communicate well with strangers. He/she is very fluent by now and can use correct and descriptive language. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can make up his/her own story. Emotional Development: A child becomes more independent and self-motivated. By this age, he/she is more sociable and friendly with others. He/she likes to play with same sex children and able to share. But, he /she need help in resolving issues. A child enjoys taking responsibility and helping others. AGE 7 12 YEARS: Social Development: At this age, a child starts enjoying company of other children and loves to be in a group. They are often same sex although some play activities will encourage boys and girls to play together. Now he/she is less dependent on close adults for support. Physical Development: A childs physical skill develops a lot and sometimes depends on his/her interests. He/she has more fine motor skills. Puberty starts for many girls from the age of 10 years and finishes by the age of 15 years and during this period their body undergoes various physical changes. For boys, this usually starts at around 13/14 years and finishes at around 16 years. A child develops hand eye co-ordination which leads to proficiency in climbing, running, balancing and skipping. Intellectual Development: 7 years onwards, most children are fluent speakers, readers and writers of their language. At this age, a child can read more complex texts and develops writing skills. At the age of 7 12 years, a child has great reasoning ability and can apply logic to solve problems. He/she has longer attention span so he/she enjoys various board games and computer games. His/her preferences for subject increase. He/she starts dealing with abstract ideas. Communication and language development: A child becomes highly verbal and enjoys making up and telling jokes. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can use more complex sentence structures. He/she can share ideas and feelings in more depth. He/she can share a very detailed account of past events and anticipate the future. He/she can listen to follow and execute more complex instructions. Emotional Development: A child is now aware of wider environment. He/she becomes very proud of his/her won achievements and sometimes can be very competitive. Usually, boys friendships are likely to be of group based while girls prefer closer but fewer friends. AGE 12 19 YEARS: Social Development: Young people want to spend more time with each other than with their family. Individual friendship is important for them and along with they enjoy being into a group. Sometimes, it can be seen young people can be strongly motivated by role models in media. They participate in teen games and enjoy group activities including clubs. Physical Development: By the age of 14/15 years, most girls have completed the process of puberty. Most girls have already started their menstrual cycle and become regular by the age of 16 years. For boys, the process of puberty has already started and for most finishes at around the age of 16 years. The body of a young people undergoes change in appearance because of many physical developments during this period. Intellectual Development: Young people are able to understand more complicated things in mathematical and scientific process. They extend their writing skills and can develop more creative skills and can understand other peoples point of view. They have a very high level of concentration. They develop logical thinking ability and may enjoy practising their new intellectual and verbal skills through debating either formally of informally. Communication and language development: Young people have extensive and varied vocabulary. They can use appropriate language styles, vocalises their ideas and feelings in greater depth. They can justify their own views and ideas. They enjoy more complex texts including fiction, poetry and factual books. Emotional Development: At this age, young people are very sensitive to their own feelings. Emotional maturity is constantly switching on between childish needs and adult desires. They are confident in their own skills and ideas. They have a good understanding of complex issues. Young people can find themselves caught between their desire to remain in a group but reluctant to adopt groups values and behaviour.

oxygen :: essays research papers fc

Oxygen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oxygen Atomic number8Atomic weight15.9994Melting point-218.4oC (-361.1oF) Boiling point-183.0oC (-297.4oF) Density (1 atom, 0oC) 1.429 g/lValence2electronic config.2-6 or 1s22s22p4.Oxygen is one of the must important factors that made it possible for life to exist in this planet. Oxygen is also one of the elements must found in earth. Oxygen can be found in in metals, water, and even the one thin that protects us from the powerful sunrays. Oxygen is a very unstable element, which makes it easy to make compounds with other elements creating different kinds of solids and liquids. Oxygen is found in the air as O2, and found in the ozone as O3. Oxygen is essential to all planets’ life. The Discovery of Oxygen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 1, 1774, Joseph Priestly examined the effect of intense heat on mercuric oxide. He noted that an air or gas was readily expelled from the specimen. To his surprise a candle burned in this with a remarkably vigorous flame. He called this new substance dephlogisticated air in terms of the current chemical theory of combustion. When he went to Paris on 1775 he showed his discovery to Antoine Lavoisier. When Antoine examined the gas he found that dephlogisticated air combined with metals and other substance. Because some of the compounds form acids he called the gas Oxygen form the Greek words for sour and I Produce.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oxygen in the Atmosphere   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atmosphere surrounding the earth is a mechanical mixture of gases. The most important of these gases are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the essential element for life. It is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and slightly heavier than air. The chief commercial source of oxygen is the atmosphere. Oxygen may be separated from the mixture of gases that make up the atmosphere. This is done by physical means by subjecting air to very high pressures and low temperatures until a point is reached where it passes form the gaseous into the liquid state. Than the liquid is introduce to some warm, so that nitrogen, which has a lower boiling point then oxygen, evaporates off. Oxygen as first prepared by heating certain metals oxides, including mercury oxide. Ozone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone (O3), named for the Greek word for â€Å"smell,† is a poisonous, colorless and tasteless gas with a distinctive smell. Molecules of ozone are probably the source of the smell that can be detected close to working electrical equipment such as motors and TVs.

Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay example -- Film Movie

Like Water For Chocolate The film, Like Water for Chocolate, represents a story through incorporating the idea of food as feelings and expressing the woman’s roles during the Mexican Revolution. The film is a romantic-comedy showing many joking ways of hard times and soft issues and the way of life. The most striking and theme seems to be how women seem to be in charge rather then males; during this time period, I thought that men were more likely to be the head of the household and in charge. Throughout the film, the main overall theme is that a woman had an illegitimate daughter with someone while she was married, her husband left her, and she was alone with three girls and the youngest, Tita, was to never marry because she was to take care of her mother until the day she died. As Tita grew her and a boy, Pedro, fell in love, but her mother would not allow her to marry, and instead, he married her sister, Rosura, to be close to her. Pedro and Rosura had their last child and Rosura vowed she would not be able to marry because she too, like Tita, would have to take care of her until the day she died. Tita very much hated this idea, as she hated how her mother controlled her and forbade her to not marry her only love, as seen at the end when Rosura dies, Pedro and Tita are now able to get married at last. This silly tradition of the youngest girl taking care of her mother shows the power of family traditions and most likely, a Latin American tradition. The mother was ...

Contemporary issues on mobility and work spaces

Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Retrieved 24 February 2011 . – also Jump up A A Legal Bridge Spanning 100 Years: From the Gold Mines of El Dorado to the ‘Golden' Startups of Silicon Valley By Gregory Grooms, 2010. Assignment 1, mobility – Threaten Darkish First let me explain how this essays goes which I tough it would look and sound better if the definition and samples come first and then after that and also in between I refer them to interior design and our roles and use as one.I'll start with the definition of the word mobility to get to know this term and see it's difference from the other use of mobility as in the new technology and mobile APS for workplaces. Therefore â€Å"Mobility' indicates a worker's ability to physically move around freely in he workplace to accomplish work. Mobility for work can be assisted with items such as a wheel chair, crutches, canes, a desk near the door, a scooter to ride between distant buildings, and a shuttle bus.M obility also refers to a worker's ability to take advantage of various Job opportunities ( I will write more on this issue below), including the ability to relocate, move to a superior Job position, commute a particular distance to work daily, or change positions due to family and civic responsibilities. Some impediments to the mobility of labor include personal hindrances such as geographical location and ability to move, physical and mental ability, and prior Job experiences. Social/legal hindrances to mobility include a lack of educational opportunities, family responsibilities, and various laws.A frequent use of the word, mobility, occurs when organizations use the term to define the upward mobility of employees. An employee with upward mobility has the appropriate mix of needed qualities and characteristics including experience, knowledge, skills, education, cultural fit, and availability. An employee with upward mobility potential is ready for promotional opportunities*. Now a t this point I going to write further more about the mobility of employees and various Job opportunities to see what that points to exactly and how that is related to mobility.Employee mobility is an issue that has taken on a whole new meaning as more and more businesses have gone global. Employees today are commonly asked to take assignments in company locations outside their home country. These kinds of opportunities are seen as Contemporary Issues in Interior Architecture- Fall 2014 2 benefits by many employees who enjoy experiencing new cultures and the multi- cultural exposure. Managing employee mobility is important though, because without the right training and planning, employees moving to foreign countries will not be prepared to meet the challenges such moves present.Your company does not want to find itself faced with loss of productivity, or worse, loss of its best managers because of lack of planning. Being prepared to address the issues related to employee mobility sho uld be included in the company's strategic planning. Quality of living in this matter can be an issue if a company frequently transfer employees within the country or outside the country. Either way there are concerns which should be addressed in these compensation and benefits packages.For example, in the US, a manager transferred from a small town in Texas to a large northeastern city will be faced with many of the same issues as an employee transferred from the US to Canada and that is a very simple and the most easiest transfer in contrast with moving to India or china, a completely different culture. These concerns or issues include cultural and compensation differences. These differences become more pronounced when the company re-assigns employees from a developed country to a third world country.But it is really a matter of degree. Making sure that the staff are well prepared for these types of moves will insure the transition is smooth and they remain productive. After all t he reason managers are transferred is in order to better utilize their talents and skills within the company**. Here I can say our role as an interior designers may help with these issues but with prior researching, planning, somehow rearranging their working spaces even from their own country to their destinations.So that they can familiarize themselves and got to know those areas better prior going there to make them arm proof and repaper Just in case. Many transfers involve more than the staff also. The managers and workers in general have families who are as much a part of the move as the company employees. It's important for the company to recognize the needs of the employee's family also. Unless the staff feel as if their family will also benefit from the transfer without Jeopardizing their safety or welfare, company transfers will meet a lot of resistance.In these cases also our role as interior designers can come to great use by even designing and making their homes look lik e the one in future after move, better said aka and redesign them as person by hurt so they would not feel alienated. Now here are some instances of companies and how they help these employees related with this mobility matter. For instance the Whichever Workforce Mobility*** helps clients optimize their mobile workforce by delivering innovative solutions that make it faster, easier and more cost effective to deploy key talent and transfer critical skills anywhere in the world.Our expertise in Contemporary Issues in Interior Architecture- Fall 2014 3 relocation and assignment management ensures that our clients' mobility programs advance their business and workforce strategies. They deliver sustained customer value through unique service and engagement initiatives, including: – Trusted Partner – Next Practices – Fans – Balanced Scorecard Here again we as designers can be creative about those mentioned above. Even by being faster, easier and more cost effe ctive.By faster that can be as helping deploy critical talent at the speed of business by motivating them through Just by one look but by a great look. Because opportunity won't wait. By easier that can be as to Just open communication, transparency, mutual trust and boundless innovation. And by ore-cost effective that can be vast global resources and in-house expertise to control our clients' program costs which we can be ahead of it by being innovative or creative in these fields to somehow more economic but more fashionable.Also there is other term as labor mobility, which Labor mobility or worker mobility is the geographical and occupational movement of workers. Worker mobility is best gauged by the lack of impediments to such mobility. Impediments to mobility are easily divided into two distinct classes with one being personal and the other being systemic. Personal impediments include physical location, and physical and mental ability. The systemic impediments include education al opportunities as well as various laws and political contrivances and even barriers and hurdles arising from historical happenstance.Increasing and maintaining a high level of labor mobility allows a more efficient allocation of resources. Labor mobility has proven to be a forceful driver of innovations. There I also another International Labor Mobility. Which International labor mobility is the movement of workers between countries. It is an example of an international factor movement. The movement of laborers is based on a difference in resources between countries. According to economists, Over time the migration of labor should have an equalizing effect on wages, with workers in the same industries garnering the same wage.

How can we solve banning hijab problem Essay

The issue of hijab is one of the most controversial and hotly debated issue which has merged in the European, especially French scene with regard to racial and religious and gender based discrimination in the 21st century. It is sensitive religious issue which has impacted the education of a section of religious sect on a very substantial front. This ban got implemented by French government on 2nd September, 2004 and has been taken up by the legal and political activists in various parts of Europe like Germany, Belgium and other nations worldwide. This has brought to the surface the worlds conflict with regard to protection of women in Islam from gender discrimination and imposition of extreme fundamentalist view which reinforces the superiority. As Binnaz Toprak expresses; â€Å"The scarf is a symbol of the inferior status of women† (Viewpoint). It is important for Muslim men not impose such discrimination of gender publicly which reinforces in countries which support equality of status by forcing on young school going children the visible discrimination which is offensive to the society in which they have chosen to immigrate. The national laws and observances need o be respected an integrated whenever there is the possibility and intentional decision to chose a new residence with permanent status. The issue of banning hijab is an ethical issue which can have philosophical as well as ideological touch which makes the issue very controversial and complicated. This is also a very multicultural issue which brings the issue of world conflict into the classroom atmosphere and hence legislation and strong measures taken by the French government has been the triggering the issue which has been supported by many European and western nations even central Asian countries. â€Å"French right wing President Jacques Chirac’s poli cy to impose a ban on the wearing of the Islamic veil (hijab) by girls in schools has split the left – both in France and internationally.†(Workers Power). The issue is very sensitive issue which addresses the radical belief of very extremist and racist society which has chosen to immigrate in liberal nations worldwide. It is also a strong religious imposition which has been challenged by the secular countries which do not want such open expression to be part of the school atmosphere. The problem related to the ban on hijab should be encouraged as a message to this orthodox community. The extremist nature of such social order and racist belief does need to be addressed with firmness abut sensitive approach which is based on education and awareness rather than strong legal imposition. The issue should be addressed as secular issue which has to be made a fundamental pillar which should be presented as an integrated strategy to support the socialist and political issues which can be addressed by campaigns and education conferences. There should be introduction of programmes which support such campaigns and does not directly challenge the d ogmatic beliefs which reinforces religious teaching on and universal platform. The issue is more a socialist issue which aims to remove any strong religious bias which has been associated with the history of racism. The racist issue is another dimension to this problem of banning hijab, which has been a cultural expression which is indicator of oppressive status of women in certain cultural societies and which has not yet been challenged with force and support which is strong enough to break the dogmatic and extremist imposition. The stricture which provides the details of using veil and hijab in Muslim society has been clearly defined and dictated in Quran and has been an indicator of strong oppression toward feminine gender. It is important that people who take the imitative to move out for economic or social reasons to new liberal country would be open minded enough to embrace the progressive nature of the society and give opportunity to their children and women to have equal rights and respect them with civility. This would also allow for their easy assimil ation within the new social network and not make them stand out as different in an inferior sort of manner. It can also be an awkward situation for people who have not seen such treatment to women in their culture to accept such oppressive and discriminatory display by attire in their tradition. This can also lead to hostile situation in which oppression along with racial bias can make the transition difficult for the hijab wearing masses within the new liberal communities. The issue of hijab especially when dealing with extremist approach of the Muslim community who are staunch followers of the teachings of Quoran should be reinforced by the fact that support should be given to women’s right and religious based bias should not impede their children based on cultural and religious and racial impositions. The policy and legal support should reinforce tolerance as well as understanding which would go to an enormous way in making individual rights to have free expression as strong phenomenon which can support the issue with sensitivity and force which can help foster understanding and acceptance. It should be stressed that ban on hijab is to reduce the barrier which is an expression of oppression and gender bias, and the objective is to encourage gender integration and discourage gender segregation. The powerful message of integration would be the key to getting cooperation and support which can help the issue of banning hijab.

The Refractive Index

The refractive index Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find the refractive index of a glass prism. In this experiment, the independent variable is the angle of incidence, and the dependent variable is the angle of refraction. Theory: Snell’s law relates the angle of incidence and refraction to the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the different media. The formula for Snell’s law is the following: Sin isinr = v1v2 = n Where i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle of refraction and v1 and v2 are the velocities of the wave in different media and n is the refractive index.Light refracts when it passes from one medium to another. The ratio of the velocity of light in the two media is called the refractive index. Materials and method: For this experiment we used a half glass circle attached on the center of a laminated paper with a drawn circle around it, a blue/violet laser with a wavelength 447nm and a wood block. First we started by placing the flat side of the half glass circle attached to the paper in front of the laser. Depending on the angle we wanted to find, we used the drawn circle on the paper to decide where to put the laser on the half side of the drawn circle.The angles of incidence we used were 10 °, 20 °, 30 °, 40 °, 50 ° and 60 °. First we measured the angle of incidence, where we placed the wood block perpendicular to the ray. To control the variables, the laser should have the same wavelength for all the angles to get the same refractive index and the ray should hit the center of the glass circle, so to check that the ray hits the center of the glass circle, we placed a wood block at the angle of reflection to see if the angle of reflection is the same as the angle of incidence, because we know that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.Another thing which makes it easier to hit the center of the glass circle is by placing a paper on the flat side of the circle and see if the ray hits the ce nter of the circle and by placing the wood block perpendicular. Then we measured the angle of the refraction on the other half of the drawn circle, where we again placed the wood block perpendicular. We measured the angle of refraction by looking perpendicular down from the wood block, to see close where the ray hits the wood block, to see more precise where the angle of refraction is.We repeated this method for all the different angles of incidence and repeated every angle two times. D 2 1 2 You write â€Å"to control the variables† which variables? You should mention the wavelength and the hitting the center explicitly as variables to be controlled and why. Results: Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction1  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction2  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction3  ± 0. 1 °| 10 °| 6. 9 °| 7. 1 °| 7. 0 °| 20 °| 13. 6 °| 13. 5 °| 13. 5 °| 30 °| 20. 0 °| 20. 1 °| 20. 0 °| 40 °| 25. 6 °| 25. 8 °| 25. 7 °| 50 °| 30 . 7 °| 30.  °| 30. 8 °| 60 °| 35. 9 °| 35. 9 °| 36. 0 °| Example: First we find the average and uncertainty for the angle of refraction: 7. 2- 6. 8 2 =  ± 0. 2 ° Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Average angle of refraction ± 0. 2 °| 10 °| 7. 0 ° | 20 °| 13. 5 ° | 30 °| 20. 0 ° | 40 °| 25. 7 ° | 50 °| 30. 8 ° | 60 °| 35. 9 ° | The refractive index: We know that the formula is sinisinr = v1v2 = refractive index, so by applying the information we know to the formula, we can find the refractive index. Example: Uncertainty for refractive index: ( sin(10. 1)sin(6. 8) – sin (9. )sin(7. 2) )/2 =0. 045 ?  ± 0. 05 sin(10 °) sin(7. 0 °) = 1. 42  ± 0. 05 Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction  ± 0. 2 °| Refractive index| 10 ° | 7. 0 °| 1. 42  ± 0. 05| 20 °| 13. 5 ° | 1. 47  ± 0. 03| 30 °| 20. 0 ° | 1. 46  ± 0. 02| 40 °| 25. 7 ° | 1. 48  ± 0. 01| 50 °| 30. 8 ° | 1. 50 ± 0. 01| 60 °| 3 5. 9 ° | 1. 48  ± 0. 01| Refractive index Intervals: Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Refractive index intervals| 10 ° | 1. 37 – 1. 47| 20 °| 1. 44 – 1. 50| 30 °| 1. 44 – 1. 48| 40 °| 1. 47 – 1. 49| 50 °| 1. 49 – 1. 51| 60 °| 1. 47 – 1. 49| DCP 2 2 2 Conclusion:From the table we can see that there is no interval, where at least one number from each interval is included. The consequences of the small angles are more serious than the bigger angles. Snell’s law states that no matter what the angle of incidence is, the refractive index would be the same. From the results I gained (disregarding the angle of incidence equals to 10 °), I can state that Snell’s law is confirmed in this case. Evaluation: The method has some weaknesses. The glass prism is not exactly in the center of the drawn circle, which is why the results are not quite correct.There might also be some misreading when reading the small angles, that has leaded to that the small angles of incidence’s results are a bit uncommon and almost an outliers, but overall reading the angles could be one of the errors too. Suggestions: It would be better to glue the glass prism more precise in the center of the circle, so that the result would be more precise. Another thing to improve the method is by using a Vernier gauge to measure the size of small distances more accurate. CE 1 2 2 The one because the meaning of the red sentence is not clear! Very well, this is your best up to now. grade 7

A Birthday Surprise

It was 19th May of 2006 and it was my father’s birthday. He is the kind of person who prefers simple dinners with his own family instead of noisy celebration with relatives and friends. But that day was special cuz he had his 40th birthday. It was Saturday and after we wished him happy birthday, he went to work. Well my father thought that we were just going to have a dinner as always. But this is what he knew while my mom and I had organized a birthday surprise. She had invited all his close friends and family for a cocktail party in the evening. Everything was ready. Even why I passed all the day shopping I couldn’t wait till my dad came home. Anyway he arrived sooner than I thought and later I began to get dressed. I was totally excited. My mom had the most difficult ‘job’ if I can say so. She had to convinced him to wear a suit and she made it up. Another anusual thing happened. I wrote unusual because my mom asked him to drive. She never did this maybe she has her own car that’s why. I think that my dad understood that he had missed something. So began to ask where are we going and why am I wearing a suit. I told him we changed the reservation but it was irritated hearing him asking the same question over and over again. But finally we arrived and everyone was waiting for him. When my father entered in all began to sing the happy birthday song. I remember everyone had a great time and I won’t forget my father;s happy face telling me I knew something was going on. Time by time I have a look to those photos we had. It really was a special day.

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay 12 hour shifts, extended work periods, voluntary and mandatory overtime, and excessive workloads are all factors that dangerously contribute to nurse fatigue, which has led to a number of medication errors and sentinel events (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, 2004). In the 2004 study by Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, it was found that the longer the shift, the risks for errors increases. Also, when working longer than 17 hours without sleep, nurse fatigue has been shown to demonstrate the equivalence of being under the influence with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (Garrett, 2008). The effects of fatigue on nurses includes problems such as: compromised problem-solving skills, decreased attention span, delayed reaction time, memory lapses, impaired communication, and inability to focus, which are all important for nurses to be aware of in order to provide quality and safe patient care (Warren & Tart, 2008). The evidences and dangers of nurse fatigue linked to adv erse events from the long work hours and cumulative days of extended work hours has been greatly recognized by The Joint Commission (TJC) issuing a sentinel event alert on December 14, 2011, regarding health care worker fatigue and patient safety (The Joint Commission, 2011). So, I will be discussing the following in the paper that includes: explanation of reviewable sentinel events, a specific sentinel event related to nurse fatigue, and its root cause analysis. Explanation of Reviewable Sentinel Events As defined by TJC, a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving either death, serious physical or psychological harm, or the risk thereof that prompts the need for immediate investigation and response (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). But, for a sentinel event to be considered reviewable, it must meet any of the following criteria: the event resulting in an unanticipated death, coma, permanent loss of function, unrelated to the natural course of the patientâ⠂¬â„¢s illness or underlying condition, or the event is one of the following, but not limited to: suicide within 72 hours of being discharged from a 24 hour care setting rape, sexual abuse/assault elopement abduction (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). A Specific Sentinel Event Related to Nurse Fatigue On July 5, 2006, Jasmine Gant, a pregnant 16 year old high school student, arrived with her mother at St. Mary’s Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin at 9:30 A.M. for her scheduled induction (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). The Labor and Delivery (L&D) nurse assigned to care for Ms. Gant that day was Julie Thao, 41 years old. Mrs. Thao had been working at St. Mary’s Hospital since 1993, and worked in the L&D department for 15 years. The day before July 5, 2006, Mrs. Thao had voluntarily worked a double shift for a total of 16 hours or more to cover for the unit’s short staff. Mrs. Thao was extremely fatigued by the end of her shift that ended at midnig ht. She spent the night at the hospital to avoid her hour long commute home and because she was due for her next shift at 7 A.M. So on the morning of July, 5, 2006, the very fatigued nurse Mrs. Thao started her shift caring for one expectant mother. When Ms. Gant presented at the L&D unit later that morning, Mrs. Thao spent time with her and her mother completing the admission process that is done with every admitting patient. However, Mrs. Thao did not apply a bar-coded identification band to Ms. Gant’s arm at this time (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). When discussing pain management, Ms. Gant expressed the possibility of wanting to use epidural, which Mrs. Thao would relay the message to the obstetrician.

Photojournalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Photojournalism - Essay Example the local radio in Perth, we see the balanced interplay of photojournalistic element and recorded narration of the radio presenter, with the latter’s speech receiving immediate visual support of the photo material created by the photojournalists – from the studio environment the character from the video works in to the outdoor community festival photos. In fact, the viewer would be able to obtain rather sufficient information about the event even with the smaller amount of the speaking on the part of the radio presenter: the range of pictures has a clearly organized sequence and well-captured moments: dancing, martial arts demonstration, singing, food fair and so on. However, audio support provided by the speaker adds more information and raises informative value of the video clip, for the radio presenter gives detailed comments on what is going on in the pictures. Looking at the video, one could definitely state that the material is presented in a highly objective and neutral manner with photos being of good quality and their ‘stepping rate’ being rather suitable for the viewer (whose eye will be able to ‘examine’ the picture within the given interval), which indicates the good work of the photo

My personality type Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My personality type - Essay Example My ESFP score will mean that as a leader, I will have the knack for persuading, motivating, and mobilizing members of the group he is because I enjoy spending time with others, understand other people, have good interpersonal skills, can understand the emotions of others, and respond to these emotions in a productive manner. My score in the ambiguity test means that, as a leader, it will be important not to deal with ambiguity by creating my own certainty. In addition, there is a risk that I could be dictatorial and averse to risk. With regards to my personality type B result, as a leader, I would be supportive, although it would also mean I would be the center of attention and, therefore, have centralized leadership. However, I would also be very persuasive because of my competitiveness. As an employee needing management, I would prefer to be allowed to experiment with new ideas, take part in brainstorming sessions because I can move from one idea to the next quickly, and be indepen dent and free, rather than secure and safe. In addition, I would not like to be entrusted with strictly defined and repetitive tasks. As a Type B personality, I would prefer to work directly with the managers to collaborate and not to be supervised. I addition, I would prefer not to be in an isolated job and work with others, as well as added responsibilities and increased interactions. However, my moderately low tolerance for ambiguity would require management to ensure that there was less certainty concerning expectations.

Describe the most important events during the period, 19001940 Essay

Describe the most important events during the period, 19001940. Explain why the events you have chosen are the most important - Essay Example Significantly, Women's Suffrage in the United States was a gradual achievement through the 19th Century and early 20th Century which culminated in 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution which maintained that the right of citizens of the nation to vote shall not be denied or abridged in view of sex. The Great Depression, the severe worldwide economic depression in the decade prior to the World War II, originated in the US, caused by the stock market crash known as Black Tuesday, and it is one of the most damaging and deepest depressions in the history of modern man. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, also called the Wages and Hours Bill, is another crucial event during the period and this established a national minimum wage and time and a half for overtime in certain jobs. "The main objective of the act was to eliminate 'labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standards of living necessary for health, efficiency and well-bein g of workers' The Fair Labor Standards Act also prohibited child labor in all industries engaged in producing goods in inter-state commerce. The act set the minimum age at 14 for employment outside of school hours in non-manufacturing jobs, at 16 for employment during school hours, and 18 for hazardous occupations." (Fair Labor Standards Act). Therefore, Women's Suffrage, the Great Depression, and the Fair Labor Standards Act are three of the most crucial events in the US history during the period between 1900 and 1940 and the effect of these events is evident even the contemporary years. One of the most essential events in the US history during the period between 1900 and 1940 is of course Women's Suffrage which was implemented in 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and accordingly the right of citizens of the nation to vote will not be denied or abridged in view of sex. "The Nineteenth Amendment further points to the link between the Progressive era and direct democracy." (Vile, 2006, p 207). Women's Suffrage in the US has given rise to many important developments in the US history and it contributed to the modern women's movement which aims at the liberation of women in every aspect of life. "After gaining the right to vote in1920, women engaged in little independent political activity until 1960s Feminism gained additional impetus from young women who entered politics to support the civil rights movement or to oppose the Vietnam War." (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008, p 161). Therefore, Women's Suffrage in the United States was a crucial event during the period 1900-1940 as it had various effects on the socio-political development of the nation. The Great Depression, which originated in the US, has been one of the most important events in the decade prior to the World War II and it was mostly damaging to the US economy, though it had devastating effects in almost every country of the world. It affected almost every aspect of the growth of the

Climate change in the past, today and future Essay

Climate change in the past, today and future - Essay Example Previously, little awareness and concern was attributed to the changing patterns in climate and the risk on human health populations associated with it. However, today with the continued urbanization and distancing of human life from the natural systems, reality has dawned that the world’s climate system is indeed an integral part of the complex of life-supporting processes, and, therefore, requires urgent measures in its maintenance and sustainability. With the world increasing economic development and growth, many of the natural systems coming under pressure from the increased populations (Githeko and Woodward, 2003). Asia has a significant increase in human population and currently the most populated continent in the world, an aspect that has resulted in a reduction of resource availability, forcing individuals to engage in activities that despite being beneficial to human remain short lived and significantly contribute towards increasing climatic change. The increased population contributes towards difficult environmental and socio-economic challenges, caused by the activities indicated above, which increase the production of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases prove, as the greatest challenge for the world today, and most especially in Asia. Concerns remain the reduction strategies of the greenhouse emissions to levels that would not interfere with the climate system (Ebi, Mearns, and Nyenzi, 1999). Asia as a continent is currently undergoing significant industrialization and, therefore, a producer of significant amounts of gases, including the greenhouse gases, released into the atmosphere without prior treatment. On average, the atmosphere shields the earth surface of up to 50% of sunlight rays. Additionally, greenhouse gases, which take up 2% of the atmosphere, also play a significant role in the absorption of the sunlight rays up to 17% (Ebi, Mearns, and Nyenzi, 1999). For the light reaching the earth’s surface, absorption takes place followed by

Base Realignment and Closure transfers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Base Realignment and Closure transfers - Essay Example As per taxation department, "other Alabama counties receive $1.8-1.9 million sales and property taxes" (University of Alabama, 2007). The contract expenditure of $1 billion towards BARC 2005 provided "state-wide economic and fiscal impacts of about $2 billion in output, $495 million in earnings, and 10,858 direct and indirect jobs". The regional impacts of BARC 2005 is approximated at "$1.8 billion output, $367 million earnings, and 7,632 jobs". As per estimation, "the average annual income for these jobs is $48,000, but 2,472 of the total jobs impacts are direct jobs that earn $83,000 annually, fiscal impacts are $28.9 million for the state ($19.8 million income, $8.4 million sales, and $0.8 million property), and $10.7-12.6 million for the region comprising $6.2 million sales and $4.5-6.4 million property". The remaining Alabama counties "receive $3.5-4.1 million sales and property taxes, amounting to total annual outcome of $43.2-45.6 million to all jurisdictions" (University of A labama, 2007). It is important to specify that these contracts are not definite, due to the uncertainty of amount associated with projects, "the $1 billion estimate used is based on recent Redstone Arsenal contracts relative to total budget" (Paul, 2007). According to governmental sources, the regional population is expected to soar by 15 percent, "the population will be approximately 652,000 in 2015 and surpass 718,000 by 2030, from the 2000 level, employment is forecast to be 23 percent higher in 2010, 32 percent higher in 2015.

Social Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Enterprise - Essay Example According to the essay findings  an economy is known to have three sectors namely; the public sector, the private sector which highly competes with the state owned enterprises and the third sector pertinent to the enterprises are established by individuals voluntarily with the intensions of chasing the community, social and charitable goals. It is prevalent that the three edged sector of an economy tends to impose a restriction on these third sector organizations that happen to infringe the set definition. The co–operative enterprises coming under the purview of social enterprise tend to cross the margin that distinguishes the voluntary and private sectors.This discussion stresses that  the enterprises in form of co–operatives and ‘mutual help’ following the commercial principles were the way to the emergence of ‘Third Sector’ as an innovative term. There is a value related to the social face that encompasses this Third Sector, is the conce rn for the management principles that the modern public and private sector follows and which has contributed to the exclusion of under–privileged and vulnerable individuals, socially. The Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) of public sector and ICOM, one of the co–operatives enabled Social Enterprise London with the assets and the funding part required for a proper establishment of an enterprise.  An entrepreneurship involving the societal aspects is in general terms defined as â€Å"entrepreneurial activity with an embedded social purpose†.

Geopolitics as a Field of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geopolitics as a Field of Knowledge - Essay Example It is at this point that geopolitics meets the requirements of a field of knowledge, being close to geography (Colledge 1). The relationship between geopolitics and geography is made clear through the following example: When choosing a region for establishing their state governors are likely to prefer an area which has â€Å"natural barriers, such as mountains, so that its security costs are low† (Lind 182). The specific phenomenon implies that an individual cannot take effective geopolitical decisions unless he is aware of the characteristics and potentials of a region in terms of geography. The relationship between geopolitics and geography, as explained above, reveals another dimension/ characteristic of geopolitics: the potential of this concept to have the form of a policy practice. In the example presented above, the policymaker has to be based on geographical data, as related to an area, in order to decide which region offers most advantages as a center of social and economic life. At this point, geopolitics interacts with the political theory. Reference is made especially to the â€Å"republican security theory† (Lind 182) which is based on the following perception: â€Å"a democratic republic can survive only if its security costs are low† (Lind 182). However, such target cannot be achieved unless particular methods are employed. Primarily, a military force that is able to protect the republic from its enemies needs to be organized (Lind 182). Such plan can be effectively developed only through the identification of appropriate methods; it is at thi s point that geopolitics shows its characteristic as a set of methods. The use of geopolitics in developing critical state decisions is understood through the example of Britain: British preferred to establish their state in a region that is surrounded by water so that enemies are discouraged from invading in British territory (Lind 182).  

The Time Trap Essay Example for Free

The Time Trap Essay Abstract Timeliness is an important and significant factor of production. Timeliness refers to efficient consciousness of time as resource to achieve desired result within specified period of time. It has widely been mis-conceived. This challenges its efficiency and effectiveness. An increased education operationalizes the relevance of timeliness and therefore enhances productivity and its wise utilization. Careful consideration of time management increases the benefits of an organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time is an important resource available to all at equal measures. The wealthier and the poor alike do have, at their disposal, 24 hours each a day. The concern of the world is how mankind uses or account for every second on a daily basis. Timeliness is referred by academician as a deliberate act of consciousness and wise use of time. It can also be defined as working to achieve set objectives within the stipulated framework of a specified time. Timeliness is therefore a measure of efficiency in production. Organizations, especially government institutions, are victims of mismanagement of time. According to them timeliness is not a measure of production and it is always never too late to carry out government task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above action draws its foundations on a number of misconceived ideas about time management. One of the misconceptions, is attached success to timeliness, People believe that if they are an achievers, then they are using their time well. This in most cases is misleading as much time is always used to achieve the success claimed. Some persons also practice reluctance most of the time, claiming that they work best under pressure. This is completely unacceptable. It encourages laziness and compromises the quality of output. In other instances, time management has been seen as a way of limiting individuals and therefore depriving them of their freedom to have fun with their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are diverse aspects that determine individuals’ response towards timeliness. It is widely believed that seniority at corporate level greatly influence the juniors consciousness to timeliness. For instance, when a senior books an appointment with one of the juniors, within the organization, the later will always attempt punctuality. While the former, at times hardly, appreciates the weight of the appointment. Interaction increases cohesion among individuals thereby resulting in different forms of relationships. It has been proven that workers timely output will proportionately measure with the level of interaction. This is because of personal respect and dignity they place on their relationship and may not wish to sour it by lagging behind the time stipulated for production. Another factor that influences the level of timeliness is reward. Where participants’ efforts are appreciated financially, timeliness is considered to some extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the world, there are powerful human forces of nature that exert a magnetic pull on individuals towards mismanagement of time. Mankind, despite of, his busy work schedule, have fallen as a victim of unplanned visit. Many at times exercise avoidance strategy to concentrate on their work. This breaks the social links. Sacrificing social network is never easy consequently; persons give to the pressure of unplanned visit. Time management in European and United State of America is to some extent admirable. Individuals are programmed for the day.   However in Africa, activities catch up with them and then they carry it out. This approach, coupled with doing many things at a time and maintaining ego’s desire to please others result to unethical and unsustainable use of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another factor that also perpetuates unwise use of time is fear of offending others. Being in the world where love is measured by how much time you are willing to share with your partner, individual control on time management is, in most cases is compromised. Cultural attachment and values put emphasis on family structures and relationships. Thus community functions, which can not be pre-determined, supercedes individuals plans. Absences of community calendar for its activities there by enhance time mismanagement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sensitivity to time management is important and paramount. Insensitivity results in huge economic losses. Mackenzie states that, â€Å"Time which one seemed free and elastic has grown elusive and in tight and our measure of its worth is changing dramatically.† It further, highlights that,† In Florida a man bills his doctor for $90 for keeping him waiting. In New York a woman pays someone $20 an hour to do her shopping.† (Mackenzie, 1997, p.14) With reference to these statistics, lack of consciousness to time management will cripple the continents economy. The government can not afford to pay for economic losses arising from time wastage. This makes timeliness an important pillar in economic development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time is an invisible, unique and finite precious resource and also an important factor of production. It always appears to exist in plenty, yet time spent will never come back. This is why time management is instrumental to ensure that the world achieves the maximum potential of accessible time. This therefore is one of the factors upon which economic and socio-cultural development are based.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improved consciousness to management of time translates to increased production. It has been reported that in Canada Airline, an exemplary and remarkable productivity increase occurred in the management offices as a result of wise use of time. This also promotes and fosters efficient use and conservation of energy. . (Mackenzie,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comfort and convenience is the desire for every human being. Keen consideration of time management ensures that the health of individuals is not compromised. Scientist, explain that human concentration levels declines with increased in time use. It is always very disheartening and exhaustive to attend a meeting that was scheduled to begin at eight yet it commences at ten in the morning. The danger is that the agendas never get adequate time to be discussed. With improved means of time management, issues will be subjected to the attention they deserve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Redress for the challenges of efficient time management is timely and needs immediate adoption.†Where there is no vision people perish. â€Å"(Common phrase in many communities.)   People who work without a goal to achieve in live are in most cases frustrated and at the long run achieve less than their expectations. Timeliness focuses our lives. Like the salesmen who set their targets daily, every individual in the world should therefore take initiative to manage time well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A schedule that document daily, weekly, monthly and if possible yearly programs and activities should be emphasized. This will set monitory indicators that help one assess the achievements and failures. Organizations such as NGOs, CBOs, Private Sectors and government should avoid unnecessary meeting with no serious agenda to discuss. They should also adopt a performance contract with their employees. To enlighten and expose individuals to impacts of lack of consciousness to timeliness, there is need for organizations to hold frequent seminars and workshops on time utilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, timeliness conscious is very important in economic and sociological development in the world. It is therefore, a responsibility for all, both government and individuals to embrace this concept. References Mackenzie Alec (1997).The Time Trap; The classic book o Time management 3 Ed,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AMACOM Div America Mngt Assn

The Open Source Database Of Mysql Information Technology Essay

The Open Source Database Of Mysql Information Technology Essay A database is a systematic collection of data. A database management system is needed to store, access, delete, or otherwise organize data in a database. MySQL is an open source database management system.. You can freely download, modify, and use open source software without having to pay any fees/royalty to the original author. In this chapter, you will learn about MySQL and its advantages over other relational database management systems (RDMS). In addition, you will learn about the advantages of MySQL as an open source database and of using PHP with MySQL. What is MySQL? Consider a library, which lends books to its members. Traditionally, the details of books, members, and lending are maintained manually using ledgers. as the number of books increases, managing and searching for books, members and lending details becomes difficult. To maintain and retrieve information fast, this information can be stored in an electronic database and a DBMS can be used to manage these electronic databases. A DBMS manages the database. A database is used to store the data in a structured format. A DBMS is responsible for managing the operations such as adding, accessing, and processing data. A DBMS plays a central role in computing; as a standalone utility or as a part of applications. MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS), which manages a relational database. A relational database stores information in several tables instead of storing it as a large table. This structure imparts flexibility to the database. MySQL uses the standardized Structured Query Language (SQL) to manage the database. MySQL is a popular Open Source database. It is developed and distributed by MySQL AB, a company founded by the MySQL developers. In 2008, Sun Microsystems acquired MySQL AB. In 2010, Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems and so MySQL is now owned by Oracle Corp. Main Features in MySQL MySQL was designed to achieve goals such as speed, robustness, and ease of use. The features of MySQL are as follows: Technical Features: Written in C and C++ Tested with different compilers Cross-platform compatibility, that is, works on multiple operating systems Supports multiple storage engines; both transactional and non-transactional APIs for accessing MySQL databases available in many languages, including C, C++, Eiffel, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl Uses kernel threads to achieve complete multi-threading Can use multiple CPUs where available, boosting performance Dynamic memory cache and use of threads to allocate memory Uses a single-sweep multi-join method to allow fast resolution of joins Server can be used as a separate application or as an embedded library Column Types: Supports multiple column or data types including Numeric, Date and Time, and String Provides for mapping data types from other databases to MySQL data types Supports fixed- and variable-length strings Commands and Functions: Supports the use of all MySQL operators and functions in the SELECT statement and the WHERE clause Supports the use of tables from different databases in one statement Supports table and column aliases Displays information about databases, tables, and indexes using the SHOW command Displays query resolution information using the EXPLAIN command Provides full support for SQL GROUP BY and ORDER BY clauses and group functions as well as left and right outer joins Supports the use of function names as table or column name Security: Support for in-built data encryption and decryption Privileges can be assigned to users Password encryption Scalability and Limits: Handles large databases sizes Allows up to 64 indexes per table Allows up to 16 keys per table Connectivity: On any platform, clients may connect to the MySQL server using TCP/IP sockets On Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003 and Vista, clients may connect to the MySQL server using named pipes or shared-memory connections On UNIX systems, clients may connect using UNIX domain socket files Localization: Displays error message in 20 languages including Czech, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, and Russians Supports Unicode and various character sets Allows data to be stored, sorted and compared using the chosen character set Clients and tools: Provides built in support to check, optimize, and repair tables Provides mysql tool to execute individual SQL commands or SQL commands stored in a file Provides mysqlaccess tool to check host, user, and database privileges Provides mysqladmin tool to manage the database server Provides mysqldump tool to backup the contents of one ore more MySQL databases to a file Provides mysqlhotcopy tool to backup a single database or table on to the same computer Provides mysqlimport tool to import data into MySQL table from a file Provides mysqlshow tool to display information about the databases, tables, and columns Provides mysqld_safe tool that enables safe start up of the MySQL server Advantages of using MySQL over the other RDBMS There are many commercial DBMSessuch as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and Sybase available in the market. These DBMSes are robust and reliable, and support most of the features a user wants. It is impossible for these databases to compete MySQL on price, as MySQL is available for free downloads. In addition, for commercial DBMSes, the initial setup is more expensive, resource intensive, and time consuming. Another factor that adds to the cost is the training required on commercial databases. For MySQL, there are many free training courses available on the Internet. Also, you can download MySQL for free and learn to use it. As the source is available, you can customize MySQL as required. The vast support networks available (as blogs, forums, and lists) enables you to access information and support easily as opposed to the paid support structures of commercial DBMSes. Typically, open source software tends to be updated more frequently than commercial software because many users contribute to its development. As a result, new features are available more often than for commercial databases. MySQL has different versions available that work on the various versions of Linux, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems. MySQL also offers various in-built and third-party GUI tools for faster and easier design, implementation, and administration. Following are the advantages that MySQL offers over other RDMS: Reliable: Different users have found MySQL even under very heavy loads and large database sizes. Ease of Use: MySQL has a modular and flexible architecture that makes it easy to manage and customize. Cross Platform Support: MySQL is available on more than twenty different operating systems including Linux, UNIX, and Microsoft Windows. Contrasting MySQL as an open source database with other RDBMS There are many open source and commercial databases available. Some of the popular open source databases include mSQL, PostgreSQL, and InstantDB. Similarly, Oracle, MS SQL Server, and Sybase are some popular commercial databases. The early editions of MySQL did not support all the SQL features. For example, transaction support and stored procedures were not available in the older versions of MySQL. The latest versions of MySQL, however, provide full SQL and transaction support. The commercial databases support almost all the features as MySQL, but the performance of MySQL is better. One drawback in MySQL is that it does not support advanced SQL3 features such as object oriented data types. PostgresSQL supports advanced SQL3 features and is a better choice as an open source DBMS with SQL3 features. However, PostgresSQL has a major disadvantage in its hidden limit of 8k of data per row. PostgreSQL is more powerful but MySQL is faster. MySQL does not need a vacuum procedure as PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL withstands higher loads. The latest versions of PostgreSQL and MySQL support features as sub-selects, stored procedures, triggers, unions, and views. However, older versions of MySQL did not support all these features. In addition, because these features are new to MySQL, there are some performance issues. However, MySQL provides with more user-friendly command interface so it is it popular among web developers. The databases such as mSQL cannot compete with MySQL on many fronts. For example, MySQL has a richer feature set of SQL than mSQL. MySQL also supports more data types and functions as compared to mSQL. InstantDB competes well with MySQL when we consider the different features. The only feature of MySQL that InstantDB is unable to compete is performance. MySQL is faster as compared to InstantDB. Advantages of PHP in MySQL environment PHP is a simple tool designed for web development. It is easy to learn and allows a developer to implement various web-programming tasks, including database-related routines. It offers good flexibility and performance. PHP is a scripting language that is executed at run-time. It enables a user to interact with databases. PHP and MySQL are used together to store data on the Web. PHP is compatible with MySQL, which is one of the most popular database engines. MySQL is free and provides with high performance. Using databases allows a store of information that is accessed by users. In addition to this, a user is able to store his information in the database. Following diagram will help us to understand the interaction between the client-server-database. Figure 1.1 Interaction between Client, Server, and the Database In the above figure, a server is connected to several clients and a database connected with the server. These components have two-way interactions between them. When a client requests for a HTML file, the browser sends a request to the server. The server will find the requested file and sends the HTML file to the browser. The working of the system above is simple. However, such a system has limitations. If several users require the same file then the file is sent to all the clients who requested it as a static page and HMTL is not able to interact with the server. The main advantage of using PHP is that a Web page is able to access a database. Alternatively a client will request for a PHP file. The PHP preprocessor will then convert the file to HTML, which is sent to the user. Examples where databases are used on a website are listed below: Sites that work on database: We are quite familiar with the online reservation system in which the user is able to book a seat using the Internet. The backend database of this system gets updated depending on the action of the user. Different parts of the database can be accessed by changing the URL, which is the uniform resource locator. Message Boards: Several message boards on the Internet are run using MySQL and PHP. Such systems are more efficient than those using other utilities. Other systems create a page for each message and provide various options. While updating such system would need to change all the pages. A system using MySQL and PHP would just require changing one page. Updating Websites: Consider that a large website is to be updated. A user is able to modify the whole website using few PHP scripts. The information related to these pages is stored in MySQl database. The PHP scripts would access a MySQL database to access the information about the pages. For updating the website, the user would need to just change one page. Banner Rotation: We have several banners on a site. A PHP script is called for each banner. A database of banners is opened and a random banner is displayed. In order to insert, modify or delete a banner we just have to change the database. The PHP script would pick the correct banners for the pages on the site. To run a PHP script a user will need the following: Web server PHP needs to be installed MySQL needs to be installed PHP is compatible with almost all the operating systems. PHP and MySQL both are open source. It is convenient to obtain these for free downloads from the Internet. This feature makes it cost effective as compared with others. If we compare PHP and MySQL against ASP, the code for searching a database in ASP has a line at the top which states the number of matches. In order to get this number one needs to cycle through the records once to count them, as the RecordCount property keeps returning -1. The equivalent MySQL function mysql_num_rows worked first time as advertised, shortening the code, and the time taken to run the server-side page. MySQL provides with command-line function, which allows access to the database so that user is able to view the query results which the PHP page acquires. PHP scripts can also be used to control all the database administrative options but it is better to install a PHPMyAdmin on the server. PHPMyAdmin is an administrative interface for MySQL databases. It consists of set of free scripts to provide administrative interface. Licensing issues related to open source softwares There are many types of software licenses available. An open-source software license permits users to read, access, change, and reuse the source code of a software product. Open-source software does not necessarily mean free software. Open source commonly refers to software that is made available to everyone at no cost under a license agreement having a few restrictions. The distribution of open-source software must fulfill with the following criteria: Free Distribution The license allows you to sell the software or distribute it for free as a part of your software distribution. You are not required to pay any fee or rayalty against such a distribution. Source Code The source code of the product is made available along the product. If the source code is not distributed with the software, then it must be made available free or at a reasonable cost. In addition, the source code must be in a form that a user is able to modify it. Derived Works The license must allow modifications to the software. Also after the modification, it must allow the redistribution under the same terms as the license of the original software. No Discrimination against Persons or Groups The license must be applied same for everybody No Discrimination against Fields of Endeavor It means that the license should not restrict the software in a specific field of endeavor. Distribution of License The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. License must not be Specific to a product -The rights attached to the program must not depend on the programs being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the programs license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution. License must not contaminate Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software Integrity of the Authors Source Code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of patch files with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. Open Source Software Benefits The open source software are freely available on the Internet for free downloads. Open-source software has become popular due to several reasons. Following are the benefits of Open-Source Software: Access to Source Code- Enables user to understand the software at a deep level. It also enables to debug the software. Large Community- Creates an opportunity for widespread and rapid teamwork on development projects. Low Cost- Available for free downloads from on the Internet. Broad Rights- Enables to grant licenses to use, modify and redistribute the open source software, which is a major advantage. The commercial software products are distributed only in binary form and may not be modified. Licensing of MySQL MySQL software is released under the General Public License (GPL). It may often be used for free, but users may require buying commercial licenses from MySQL AB for certain purpose. Licensing options are as follows: Commercial License- Suppose an organization wants software to be accessed by the customers or the members in the organization. In this case the commercial license is needed. This is useful when an organization wants the source code to be secret. Such organizations do not want to act in accordance with the General Public License. The commercial license is an agreement with MySQL AB for organizations that do not want to release their application source code. Commercial licensed users get a commercially supported product from with assurances from MySQL. Commercially licensed users are also free from the requirement of making their own application open source. Open Source License- Enables users to offer the features added to everyone. Anyone is able to use, modify or distribute the software. The open license is free of cost. The condition is that the user must make the complete source code available. Summary MySQL is the most popular Open Source SQL database. It is developed and distributed by MySQL AB, which is a company, founded by the MySQL developers. The MySQL is a database management system which manages the database. A database is used to store the data in a structured format. A database management system is responsible to manage the operations such as adding, accessing, and processing data. MySQL is a relational database management system, which stores information in several files instead of storing it as a large table. This structure imparts flexibility to the database. MySQL is Open Source software that enables any one to use and modify the source code. We have many commercial databases available in the market such as Oracle, Microsoft, and Sybase. These commercial databases support most of the features a user wants. These databases fail to compete with MySQL for read-heavy-database applications. A user is able to modify the source code due to which new features become easily available as compared to the traditional databases. An open-source database is cheap. It is free if you choose the open source license. MySQL works on different operating systems such as Linux, UNIX, and Windows. PHP is a scripting language. It enables a user to interact with the databases. PHP and MySQL are used together to store data on the Web. In order to run a PHP we need a Web sever. Also PHP and MySQL need to be installed. An open-source software license permits users to read, access, change, and reuse the source code of a software product. Check Your Progress The mysqlshow tool that displays information about the__________. MySQL server and the information about the databases and tables on the server MySQL client and the information about the databases and tables of the client All the databases of the client and the server _____________is an administrative interface for MySQL databases. mysqladmin PHPMyAdmin admin MySQL software is released under the_________. Commercial source License Open source License General Public License MySQL allows up to _______ indexes per table. 16 32 8 ______________ tool manages users of MySQL. mysqladmin mysqlaccess mysql mysqlshow This page has been intentionally left blank